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VDE.REF
-------
Reference Manual for the VDE Editor:
version 1.85 (21 Jan 1998)
(c)1987-98, E. Meyer
=============================== CONTENTS ==================================
8. COMMAND REFERENCE, alphabetically by topic:
Auto format, Auto number, Auto save, Block commands, Column blocks,
Cursor motion, Data files, Deleting, Envelopes, File browser, File
commands, Find/replace, Graphics/foreign characters, Header,
Hyphenation, Indenting, Information, Inserting, Justification, Line
spacing, Mail-merge, Margins, Matching files, MenuBars, Multiple
files, Pagination, Place markers, Print preview, Print styles/codes,
Printer drivers, Printing, Proportional spacing, Protected mode,
Reformat, Ruler line, Run DOS command/shell, Save/exit, Screen
controls, Screen size, Sorting, Spelling check, Splitting files,
Tabs, Time/date, Undelete, Upper/lower case, Windows.
See also:
VDE.DOC - QUICK START, SYNTAX, TECHNICAL INFORMATION, etc.
VMACRO.REF - detailed treatment of MACROS
VINST.REF - use of the VINST installation utility
========================= 8. COMMAND REFERENCE ============================
AUTO FORMAT (^OM) - Continuously keeps the paragraph of text you're working
on properly formatted (margins and spacing), even as you add to or delete
from the line; format changes are implemented instantly. When off, the
manual ^B command can still be used (see REFORMAT).
Care must be taken in files with mixed formats, as the CURRENT
settings of margins and spacing are always used.
NOTES: with Auto Format on, certain keystrokes may have additional
(or no) effects, due to immediate reformatting afterward; and some
operations like Find/Replace may be a little slower.
Auto format does NOT affect parts of the file you have not been
changing. If you want to REformat an entire file, try ^M ^B ^[Enter].
AUTO NUMBER (^K#) - VDE can automatically number items for a list, outline,
etc. Just type a "#" character where each number should go:
#. First item.
#. Second item...
You can then mark the list (or part of it) off as a block, and use the ^K#
command; VDE will insert numbers sequentially in place of the "#" markers.
You will be prompted for options, at which point you may enter one or
more of the following, in any order:
nn sets the starting number to nn (default is 1)
+ continues the numbering from the last use of ^K#
A Aligns numbers flush with marker
R/r uses Roman numerals (UPPER/lower case)
"#" uses specified marker character (default is "#")
If "A"lign is used, the last digit of the number replaces the marker, and
any other digits extend leftward, overwriting anything that may previously
have been there. Otherwise, the entire number is simply inserted in place
of the marker (and text will be reformatted if auto format is on).
Decimal numbers can run up to 65535, Roman numerals to CCCLXLIX
(399); after that they return to 1. Starting "nn" must always be given in
decimal. The "#" option allows you to use different markers (#,@,...) for
multiple sets of numbers in a single file.
Once numbering is done, the markers are gone; it's best to save the
file first in case anything goes wrong. For lists that will be revised,
leave the "#" markers in the file on disk; use ^K# before printing, and
don't save afterward.
AUTO SAVE (^KA) - Saves any changes you have made to disk automatically, at
regular intervals. This ensures that you don't lose too much work if you
make a mistake, have a power outage, etc. ^KA lets you set the interval
(1 to 255 minutes), or turn this feature off entirely (0). [The default
can be set with VINST].
Notes: Auto save will wait for an interval of keyboard inactivity.
It cannot save "untitled" work, or a file that has been protected (^KO).
It preserves a backup file only if the file hasn't already been saved
since it was first loaded (it doesn't continue to update the backup).
BLOCK COMMANDS (^KB,^KK,^KH,^KZ,^KY,^KC,^KV,^KW; ^QB,^QK; ^KPB) - A block of
text is delimited by two markers, set by ^KB (beginning) and ^KK (end) in
either order, which remain in the text until reset elsewhere or deleted.
Alternatively, you can mark a block simply by holding down Shift while
using the arrow, [Home/End], or [PgUp/Dn] keys to move the cursor, or
pressing the main (left) button while moving with the mouse. Once marked,
the block text displays in a contrasting color. ^KH unmarks the block,
removing any marker(s) set.
Normally a block is a continuous segment of the file; but VDE can
also work with column blocks, rectangular regions with the block markers
at opposite corners. For details, see COLUMN BLOCKS; the command behavior
described below is for NORMAL block mode.
The block move and print commands (^KV,^KPB) require a block to be
fully marked before use. To save keystrokes, the other block commands
(see also ^K#,^K",AltC), if used when only one block marker is present,
will first mark the current cursor position as the other end of the block:
^KY goes to and deletes the block. (^QP may be used to return the
cursor to its position before the deletion.)
^KV moves the marked block to the present cursor location; ^KC copies
it there, leaving the original marked. (^QP will return to the former
position of a moved block, or move to the end of the text just copied.)
^KZ "zooms into" a block: the rest of the text is inaccessible, and
the block is temporarily treated as the entire file. This isolates one
portion of a file for your attention, and also limits the scope of VDE
commands (find/replace, word count, etc) to that part of the file. (Only
saving to disk continues to involve the entire file.) Use ^KZ again to
zoom back out. If no block markers exist, ^KZ will zoom into an empty
block. In zoom mode, pagination is off; you can use block operations,
though any block markers within will disappear when you zoom back to the
whole file.
^KW writes the block text to a disk file; it will ask for a filename
(and optional mode). You can also choose to append the text to an
existing file by typing a "+" before the filename, as in:
Write to file: +GORT
(If you don't specify "+", and the file already exists, VDE will ask
whether you want to overwrite or append; press [Esc] or [Space] to
cancel.) To select a file to append to, you also can access the File
Browser with [Enter], wildcards, or a directory name (see FILE BROWSER).
You cannot write to a file you are currently editing.
^QB moves the cursor to the block start (if marked); ^QK moves to the
block end.
^KPB (^KP with B option) prints the block text only. (See PRINTING)
COLUMN BLOCKS (^KN,^KI) - ^KN toggles column block mode, and ^KI selects
between normal (insert) and replace mode for column blocks; when on, "CBl"
(or "CRp" for replace) will appear in the header.
Normally, a block consists of the entire text stream between the
block markers; see BLOCK COMMANDS. But a column block is only the
rectangle with the start marker at the top left corner, and the end marker
at the bottom right. Block highlighting will clearly show the difference
between the two modes. If the markers aren't properly placed to define a
column block, highlighting won't occcur (though the markers remain
visible) and block operations won't work.
Column mode, as its name suggests, is most useful in rearranging data
arranged in columns, such as tables or parts of non-document files. It
may also be used in documents; column block operations don't invoke auto-
format. If printer codes or block markers make it difficult to judge
column alignment, use preview (^OD).
Many block commands work essentially the same way in normal or column
block mode, including ^KB,^KK,^KH, ^K",^K',^K^, ^KW, ^KPB, AltC, ^KY, and
^U. Two are invalid in column block mode: ^KZ, ^K#. (As a substitute,
create a new empty file with AltL,^Enter and use AltC,AltP to copy the
column block to it.)
The block move/copy/read commands, ^KV, ^KC, ^KR, and AltP, can
either insert text or replace existing text, depending on the mode
selected with ^KI, to give you more flexibility in manipulating columnar
data. In either case, the block text will appear at the cursor location
(as top left corner); if some of its lines are shorter than others, spaces
will be added to fill out the rectangle.
Note that it's possible to Cut a block in column mode, then Paste it
in normal mode, or vice versa.
CURSOR MOTION (Mouse,Arrows; ^F,A,C,R; ^QE,X,S,D; ^QR,C; ^QI,L,N,P; AltO) -
Simple cursor motion is accomplished with a mouse (or equivalent pointing
device) if installed, or with the four PC arrow keys or the classic
WordStar "diamond" ^E,^X,^S,^D. While generally interchangeable, there
are some subtle differences between these methods.
The mouse functions only on the text screen (not at command prompts),
and it can move DIAGONALLY as well as:
UP or DOWN maintaining the previous cursor column
LEFT only to the beginning of the line
RIGHT past the end of the line and up to the edge of the screen
The WordStar diamond keys move:
UP or DOWN to the previous column OR end of new line if shorter
LEFT or RIGHT from one character to the next throughout the file
The arrow keys move:
UP or DOWN maintaining the previous cursor column
LEFT or RIGHT from one character to the next throughout the file,
but on to the edge of the screen if already past end of line
That is, the mouse moves at will across the screen, while the WordStar
keys move only within existing text, and the arrow keys are a sort of
hybrid. Mouse speed is controlled by its own driver software.
Whenever the cursor is temporarily pointing past the actual end of
the line, you'll see a ">" by the column number in the header; if you add
text at this location, spaces will be inserted to position it there.
^F or ^[>] moves right, to the start of the next word; ^A or ^[<]
moves left, to the start of the current, then the previous, word. ^C or
[PgDn] scrolls forward (down) one screen; ^R or [PgUp] scrolls backward
(up) one screen.
Preceded by ^Q, many keys move more Quickly: thus ^QE, ^QX go to the
top or bottom of the screen; ^QS, ^QD to the left or right end of the
line. Similarly, ^QR and ^QC jump to the beginning or end of the file.
^QI moves directly to the specified page (for documents) or line (for
non-documents); see also "[_]" option, under SYNTAX. In documents, ^QL
and ^QN move to the start of the Last or Next page, respectively.
^QP is a very powerful navigation tool: generally, it returns the
cursor to its Previous position, before the last large motion occurred.
It is effectively an "undo" for commands like ^QR/C, ^QF, ^QM/B/K, AltM,
AltO. ^QP can be repeated to cycle between two positions in a file. ^QP
also has special uses following many block operations; for example, ^QP
locates the end a block just imported, copied, pasted, or undeleted, so if
after inserting the block you realize you didn't want it there after all,
you can remove it with the commands: ^KB ^QP ^KK ^KY. (Note: ^QP can't
return to a different file after a multi-file find.)
AltO displays an Overview ("scroll") bar at the top of the screen.
The length of the bar corresponds to the file's size. You can move the
cursor left or right with the arrow keys; a marker remains to designate
the original (current) position. To move to the indicated position, press
[Enter]; press [Esc] instead to cancel.
DATA FILES (AltU) - AltU allows you to change many VDE settings by Using
(loading or saving) specific types of data files.
.VDF files can be Loaded and Saved - see KEY DEFINITION FILES.
.VDG files can be Loaded and Saved - see GRAPHICS.
.VDP,C,I files can be Loaded - see PRINTER DRIVERS, CHARACTER WIDTHS,
USER OPTIONS.
Any of these may also be loaded with a semicolon on the command line (see
SYNTAX). If no directory is specified, files must be in the current or
VDE directory (see DIRECTORIES).
At the prompt for a data file to load, you can also access the File
Browser with [Enter], wildcards, or a directory name (see FILE BROWSER).
(In this case the directory defaults to the VDE directory instead of the
current one, and the filespec to *.VD? instead of *.*.)
NOTES: When you load a .VDG file with AltU, it cannot alter any pre-
existing graphics which are actually present in files being edited.
AltU can't handle .VDK files or write .VDP,C,I files, but VINST can.
Also, AltU doesn't read data files created by earlier versions of
VDE/VINST if the file format has changed, but VINST can usually read and
convert them (and can write them back to disk in the new format).
DELETING ([BkSp],[Del],^[BkSp],^[Del],^G,^T,^Y; ^QY,^Q[BkSp],^QT) - ^G or
[Del] deletes the character at the cursor. [BkSp] deletes the previous
one. ^T deletes a word to the right (from the cursor to the end of the
word). ^[BkSp] deletes a word to the left. ^[Del] deletes the entire
current word.
^Y deletes the entire current line. ^QY deletes just the part of the
line to the right of the cursor; ^Q[BkSp] deletes the part to the left.
^QT, followed by a character, deletes everything up until the next
occurrence of that character. EXAMPLE: ^QT. (period) deletes to the end
of the sentence. Special cases: ^QT[Enter] deletes to the next HARD CR,
the end of the paragraph; ^QT^Z deletes to the end of the file.
Unintended deletions can be recovered (see UNDELETING).
ENVELOPES (^KPA) - The "A"ddress option of the print command provides an
easy way to print an envelope (i.e. to accompany a letter):
1. Begin by moving the cursor to the address of the recipient, and
marking this as a block (see BLOCK COMMANDS):
{Margarita Empanada
P.O. Box 3172 "{}" = block markers
Sopapilla, CA 91306}
(Any indentation will be ignored; don't use column block mode.)
2. Then use the print command (^KP), and at the options prompt, type
"A", followed by "1" or "2" to specify the envelope size: 1 for smaller
(letter size) envelopes, about 3.625 x 6.5"; 2 for larger ones (business
size), 4.25 x 9.5".
3. Optionally, you may include a return address for the upper left
corner of the envelope: enter this in double quotes ("), using a backslash
(\) to mark the beginning of a new line. Example:
Options: "M. Empanada\P.O. Box 3172\Sopapilla, CA 91306"A2
(You may find it convenient to set up envelope printing with your usual
return address as a FUNCTION KEY, if you will use it frequently.)
4. Load the envelope appropriately in your printer, and press [Enter]
to print it.
NOTES: Printers handle envelope feeding in various ways. With some
you can just feed in a single envelope, or manually position it on the
platen; with some others, a separate tray is used for envelopes, and
printing them involves selecting the proper tray. Many laser printers
feed envelopes lengthwise, requiring selection of a landscape font. [To
install the necessary control codes for envelope printing, see PRINTER
INSTALLATION.]
Vertical positioning of text on the envelope can easily be changed by
adding linefeeds to the envelope initialization. Horizontal positioning
can be varied with the "L" print option. Because of the way laser
printers operate in landscape mode, VDE prints both envelope sizes with
their RIGHT edge in the same place. This means that on other printers,
the LEFT edge of the smaller envelope must be placed 3" (30 columns) in
from the left margin. If this is inconvenient, it can be overridden by
specifying the left margin option (e.g. "L0") AFTER the "A1" option.
FILE BROWSER (^KF,Esc*L) - The File Browser shows a directory listing and
allows various file operations to be performed. It can be accessed in two
ways: DIRECTLY, with ^KF, taking whatever you type as the argument for the
"dir" command, and offering a choice of file operations; or INDIRECTLY, to
complete many of VDE's file commands (^KL, AltL, etc), when instead of
simply giving a filename you:
* press [Enter] alone (for *.*)
* use wildcards (*.DOC)
* give a drive/directory name (A:\)
Files display alphabetically in uppercase, followed by the parent
directory "..", then subdirectories in lowercase. (Unlike most "dir"
commands, the Browser shows all directories whether or not their names
match the given filespec, to make navigation easier.) If there are more
items than will fit on screen, you'll see "..." at the top or bottom to
indicate this. The menu below suggests the available command keys.
You can move the cursor through the list with the arrow keys,
[PgUp/Dn], or [Home/End]; additionally, a letter/number may be typed to go
to the next filename beginning with that, or "\" to go to the next
subdirectory.
Pressing [Enter] when the cursor is on a subdirectory switches to
viewing its contents in turn; in indirect Browser use, pressing [Enter] on
a file applies the original command to it. Instead of this, direct use
(^KF) offers a choice of file operations, on the following keys:
[F1] LOAD an additional file to edit
[F2] replace the current file with a NEW one
[F3] READ a file into the current file
[Del] DELETE the file (or directory, if empty)
Deletion is immediate, requiring no confirmation; use caution.
[Esc] or [Space] clear the directory display (quitting ^KF, or
returning to the prompt to try again in indirect use); ^[Break] quits.
When loading or reading files, VDE's usual default file modes apply;
if a file you want will require a different mode, you can first press "/"
and the correct mode letter (or [Space] to cancel a previous choice).
With ^KL, AltL, and ^KF, you can tag and load files as a group: press
"+" to "tag" (or untag) each file, and when ready, press [F4] to load them
all at once. Pressing [Esc] untags all files. (You can also load a group
of files automatically, bypassing the Browser display, with the "/1-8"
option after the filespec: e.g. "*.TXT/8".)
If you need even more features than VDE provides, remember that you
can run any other file utility you like with AltR.
NOTE: Items with the DOS Hidden or System attribute normally don't
appear in directory listings; VINST can also specify several excluded
filetypes (like .COM or .EXE) which cannot be edited and will not be
listed unless specified explicitly (e.g. "^KF*.COM"). If for some reason
you want to list or load excluded or hidden files, you can use Esc*L to
override these exclusions. (On Esc*, see TOGGLE CONTROL.)
FILE COMMANDS (^KL,^KR,^KJ) - ^KL Loads (opens) new file(s) to edit,
REPLACING the current one; if it has been modified, you'll be prompted to
confirm that you really mean to abandon it. (To save the file first, use
^KD instead; to load file(s) in ADDITION to the current one, use AltL
instead.) Just as on the command line, you can enter any number of
filenames, with various options: number to load, string/line/page to find,
file mode, read/only (see SYNTAX). To open an "untitled" work area, press
^[Enter] at the prompt.
^KR Reads in (imports) the contents of a single disk file, inserting
the text at the current cursor position (this works a little differently
depending on whether column block mode is engaged). Note that ^QP can be
used afterward to locate the end of the text just read in.
^KJ simply deletes whatever disk file you specify. Deletion is
immediate; use caution.
From any of these file commands (^KL,^KR,^KJ), you can access the
File Browser by simply pressing [Enter] at the prompt or entering a
directory name or wildcards (see FILE BROWSER).
FIND/REPLACE (^QF,^QA; ^L,^H) - ^QF is the command to FIND a string. (See
also "[_]" option, under SYNTAX.) The search normally proceeds from the
cursor position forward, and is case (upper-lower) sensitive. In document
modes, it allows for extra whitespace (spaces, soft CR) between words in
the event of wordwrap.
Special codes: Graphic characters can be entered with AltG. ^_
(Ctrl-underline) functions as a wildcard, matching any single character.
The code ^^ (Ctrl-caret) can be used to find line overstrikes (CR without
LF). Use the single code ^M to match the end of a line (CR,LF); in
documents, a string STARTING with ^M will match a HARD CR (without
preceding space) only. Examples:
Find: ^MLABEL matches "LABEL" at start of line only;
Find: M^_. matches "Mr.", "Ms.", etc.
^QA is the REPLACE command. It asks for a string to find, as above,
then what to change it to. Normally, the cursor moves to each occurrence
of the string in turn, and you are asked ("Chg?") whether to change it;
answer "Y"es or "N"o, or "*" to change all the rest without asking
individually, or press [Esc] to quit.
There are several options for find/replace:
"B" = search Backward for the specified string;
"C" = Case insensitive search (upper/lower are equivalent);
"W" = whole Word only (skip instances part of a larger word);
"G" = search Globally (from start or end of current file);
"M" = Multi-file search (continues through all files being edited);
"N" = No query: replace all instances without asking.
To skip the options prompt, finish entry of the string (the replace
string, for ^QA) by typing ^[Enter] instead of [Enter].
^L instantly repeats the last find or replace (^QF/^QA) operation
once more; the "B,C,W,M" options remain as last specified. ^H also
repeats, but in the reverse direction.
NOTES: Replacing can cause reformatting if auto format (^OM) is on.
(Be careful with this in a file with varying margins.) "N"o query is
assumed whenever ^QA is used in a macro. [VINST can set "C"ase insensi-
tive as your default, so that specifying "C" then means case sensitive.]
GRAPHICS/FOREIGN CHARACTERS (AltG) - Characters in the upper half of the
ASCII table (80-FF or 128-255), such as accented letters and PC graphics,
can be entered directly into a file with VDE by any standard DOS method,
including the KEYBxx keyboard map utilities, or the numeric-keypad method
(hold down [Alt] while pressing keypad 1,5,5 for character 155).
VDE also provides the AltG command to make this a little simpler. It
presents a menu of up to 32 characters (labeled A-Z, then 1-6) to choose
from; the default set contains some useful box drawing parts, and has room
free for other characters that might be entered. [It can also be modified
with VINST.] Any individual entry can be easily redefined (unless it's
already present in a file being edited): type "=", then the code (A-6) to
change, and the complete graphics set will be displayed; just move the
cursor to the desired character and press [Enter]. Alternatively, if you
press [Tab], you may enter the extended ASCII code in either hex (2 digits
80-FF) or decimal (3 digits 128-255). Example: the Greek alpha can either
be picked off the menu, or entered as "E0" hex or "224" decimal. Once
defined, the graphic can be entered into the file by pressing its menu
letter (and subsequently, by pressing AltG followed by that menu letter).
As a further convenience, you can type "-" to clear all entries not
needed for graphics already present in your files.
Graphics are stored in disk files in accord with the current file
mode. Printing of graphics depends on whether your printer driver [see
PRINTER INSTALLATION] is designated as PC graphics (PC8) or Roman8, or
neither, in which case VDE will "emulate" them, choosing standard ASCII
character overstrikes that come as close as possible. This usually works
well, especially for the foreign language characters.
NOTE: a few "control codes" in the ASCII range 00-1F,7F, if entered
into a file with ^P, will also appear in the graphics table, because of
the way VDE represents them internally.
CAUTION: VDE can only handle 32 different graphics in an editing
session. If you load files containing many graphics (or binary data that
will be interpreted as graphics), VDE will try to add each in turn to the
table. If the graphics table fills up, any further graphics will be
replaced by spaces; the "Graphics overflow" error message will display,
and protected mode (R/O) will engage to guard against saving to disk and
corrupting the file. (The most common cause of this problem is reading a
word processor file in the wrong file mode.)
HEADER (^OQ) - The "header" at the top of the screen can be toggled on and
off with ^OQ. It provides useful information, but can be removed if you
prefer a screen showing nothing but your text. It looks like this:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ VDE.DOC /A P 14 L 11 C 48 Ins Col AF DS J+ PS ! ^K_
or (NP,BZ) (>) (Wrd,R/O)(CRp)(AI,HR) (MR) (?,")
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
'+' = Multi-file flag indicates other file(s) are also being edited.
'VDE.DOC /A' = Current filename and mode. The full directory information,
along with other files being edited, can be displayed with the AltK
command (see INFORMATION).
'P 14...' = Cursor position in file by page (in document modes), line, and
column. If past end of line, column displays as "C>nn". If pagina-
tion off (^OP0) in a document, 'NP' replaces page number; in block
zoom mode (^KZ), 'BZ' displays, and line count is not paginated.
'Ins','Wrd' = Insert (^V) or Word Insert (^Ins) on.
'R/O' = Read/Only, protected mode (^KO) on.
'Col','CRp' = Column block or replace (^KN,I) modes.
'AF' = Auto Format (^OM) on. (Documents only)
'AI' = Auto Indent (^OA) on.
'HR' = Hard Reform (^OY) on. (Documents only)
'DS' = Double spacing (^OS) on.
'J+','J-' = Right Justification (^OJ) modes. (Documents only)
'MR' = Margins released (^OX). (Documents only)
'PS' = Proportional spacing (^OK) on.
'!','?','"' = Macro is executing, awaiting input, or being recorded.
'^K_' = Command key prefixes (and a few messages or prompts) display here.
There is no room in the header to display the toggles for Variable
tabs (^OV) and Hyphenation (^OH); instead, these report their new status
'on/off' briefly each time they are used. On narrow screens (fewer than
80 columns) an abbreviated header is shown, for example:
----------------------------------------
+ VDE.DOC /A I! P 14 L 11 C 48 "I,W" = Insert, Word Insert
or (W,R)(?,") (^K_) "R" = Read/Only
----------------------------------------
HYPHENATION (^OH,^P-) - ^OH toggles hyphenation on and off. When on,
hyphens are treated as legitimate places to break or recombine a line
during reformatting. [The default can be changed.] VDE can't hyphenate
long words itself, but will recognize any hyphens you enter in the text if
you might prefer a long word to break at the margin.
In addition to ordinary hyphens "-" VDE uses "soft hyphens", entered
by typing ^P- (^P,hyphen), which display in a different color. Soft
hyphens indicate optional places to break a long word: they won't be
printed unless they fall at the end of a line. You can use them
temporarily in any document mode, but only modes /D,W,S,P,F store soft
hyphens as such; when saving to disk in other modes (/A,U,M,X,L), they
become hyphens or disappear, as appropriate.
Since soft hyphens aren't universally supported, when reformatting
rejoins a word at an ordinary hyphen, VDE can't be sure whether it was
dispensable or not. To be safe, VDE leaves the hyphen in place, but also
puts a placemark there to call your attention to it. If you want to
remove it you can easily do so with ^QM, [Del].
INDENTING (^OA,^OG,^OO) - Several commands produce automatic indentation in
various ways. (See also TABS, VALUE ADJUSTMENT)
The AUTO INDENT command ^OA causes wordwrap or the [Enter] key, upon
moving to a new line, to match any existing indentation. Its operation
varies according to your insert status: if you're adding new text, it
matches the previous line's indentation; if you're editing the text
that's there, it moves to the line's existing indentation. Thus any
indentation structure you create is maintained. This is particularly
useful for outlines or program source code, and it works in both document
and nondocument modes. (Note: to work with ^OA, indentation must be done
with spaces or variable tabs, NOT with hard tabs.)
When you want an entire paragraph indented, you could simply change
the left margin and then change it back; but the TEMPORARY INDENT command
^OG may be more convenient. Each time you use ^OG, the left margin is
indented to the next tab stop. The indentation lasts until you type the
[Enter] at the end of the paragraph (or use the ^B or ^OL commands), at
which time the original left margin is restored.
Normally, any indent at the start of a paragraph is created manually,
and reformatting preserves it. But you can set an automatic INITIAL
INDENT for paragraphs with ^OO, which will be enforced in all formatting
operations. The indent is specified relative to the left margin setting,
with allowed values from -99 to 99; negative values produce "hanging
indents", and you can enter "+0" for no indent. To indent to the cursor
column, press [Enter] alone. To turn this feature off again, enter "0"
alone at the prompt. (^OA and ^OO also cancel one another.)
INFORMATION (AltK,AltI) - The file/memory information command AltK displays
a message telling you:
- The full name (including directory) of the current file;
- When it was last saved, and whether (Y/N) it has now been changed;
- Whether any print toggles (^B,^D,^S etc) are unpaired in a document;
- A word count for document files;
- The current size of the file in bytes or k (1k = 1024 bytes);
- Bytes of memory used in this text segment, and percentage full;
- The total amount of memory free to edit further files;
- The names of all other files being edited.
If more files are being edited, the cursor will be positioned on the
second one listed; the Up/Down arrow keys can be used to select any file,
and pressing [Enter] will take you to it. Press [Esc] to exit.
AltI displays the VDE version, date, and copyright. (An uninstalled
copy of VDE does this automatically on startup.)
INSERTING (^V,[Ins],^[Ins],^_,^N,^\) - ^V or [Ins] toggles Insert mode
on/off, and ^[Ins] toggles Word Insert. When on, "Ins" or "WdI" appear in
the header.
When both are OFF, VDE is in Overwrite mode: when you type a
character, it replaces the one the cursor is on; when you press [Enter],
the cursor advances to the beginning of the next line of text. With
Insert (^V) ON, when you type a character, any characters that were
already there are carried to the right; when you press [Enter], a return
is inserted into the text, causing the beginning of a new line.
Word Insert is a hybrid of the two modes: mostly it behaves like
Overwrite mode, so you can replace an existing word; but when the cursor
reaches the end of the word, it starts to behave like Insert mode, so you
can continue typing without overwriting the next word. This is often
handy for revising existing text.
The ^_ and ^N commands (insert space, insert CR) are most useful in
Overwrite mode (avoiding the need to turn Insert on and back off).
The ^\ command copies the character above the cursor (in the previous
line), making it easy to duplicate parts of lines. Handling of existing
characters depends on the Insert mode.
JUSTIFICATION (^OJ) - ^OJ controls right justification mode, cycling between
three states:
ADD. ("J+" in header.) Text paragraphs will be
formatted with an even right margin, by inserting extra
spaces between words as necessary.
REMOVE. ("J-" in header.) Formatting will undo
justification by removing any extra spaces between words,
leaving an uneven right margin again.
OFF. Formatting doesn't change spacing of text.
Thus the Reform (^B) command can justify or de-justify text as desired.
Notes: Justification doesn't work with proportional spacing (^OK).
Right-justified text should not be saved in file mode /U, which has no
margin structure, or in modes /X,M,P,F,L, because XyWrite, MS Word,
WordPerfect, and LX-MEMO won't recognize VDE's method of justification.
LINE SPACING (^OS) - ^OS toggles between single and double line spacing. In
double space mode, the following functions generate double carriage
returns: [Enter], Insert CR (^N), Reform (^B), wordwrap. You can easily
mix single and double spacing; ^B can convert between the two.
Note: a single-spaced file can also be printed out double-spaced with
the "D" option of the ^KP command (see PRINTING).
MAIL-MERGE - This is accomplished with a macro; see VMACRO.REF.
MARGINS (^OR,^OL,^OX,^OC,^OF) - ^OR sets the Right margin, and enables text
formatting. At the prompt, enter the column number (up to 255), or just
press [Enter] for the current cursor column. (Note: in proportional mode
(^OK), the number is interpreted in 1/10" instead of characters.)
^OL similarly sets the Left margin column; the value must be less
than the right margin. (^OL is normally used for indenting selected
paragraphs. To leave blank space at the left of the page throughout when
PRINTING, see the "L" option of the ^KP command, or the left margin
setting in PRINTER INSTALLATION.) See also: VALUE ADJUSTMENT.
"Wordwrap" is automatic in all document modes whenever the margins
are set: anything typed before the left margin will move up to it;
anything typed past the right margin will wrap over to the next line.
(See also REFORMAT and AUTO FORMAT) Wordwrap and formatting are disabled
if the right margin is set to 1, or while margins are released (^OX).
(NOTES: Margins cannot be set in nondocument modes; a left margin
cannot be set in /X, /U, or /M mode. For page top/bottom margins see
PRINTING.)
^OX toggles margin release, allowing you to type outside the margins.
Use ^OX again (or a margin set command) to cancel.
^OC Centers the current line with respect to the margins; ^OF sets
the line Flush right. Afterward, the cursor advances to the next line.
MATCHING FILES (AltM,Esc*m) - The Match command can locate small differences
between two largely similar files (perhaps an earlier and a later revision
of your work). You must first load these two files (AltL), then split the
screen between them (AltW), and position the cursor in corresponding
places in both files (for example, the top).
Then press AltM. Starting from these positions, VDE searches for any
difference between the files. If one is found, VDE will stop there,
showing the disagreeing passages side by side. If you want to continue,
press AltM again. (If the difference was significant you may first need
to reposition one cursor to match the other.) If the cursor winds up at
the end of both files, they match.
Note: the behavior of AltM depends on the file mode. In nondocu-
ments, it does an exact character by character comparison. In documents,
it compares word by word, ignoring intervening whitespace (margins, soft
CRs, etc). Normally a difference in hard CRs is a mismatch, but you can
use Esc*m if you want these treated as whitespace as well. (On Esc*, see
TOGGLE CONTROL)
MENUBARS (^[Esc]) - ^[Esc] is used to call up the MenuBar. (LeftShift-Esc
can also be used.) Press the hilighted letter to select a submenu, then
select again to perform a command. You can press [Esc] or [Space] to back
up to the main menu, or ^[Break] to abort.
The ^[Esc] command can also be used in a macro definition; if entered
at the ^M prompt, it displays as a hilighted "!", and should be followed
by one or two letters for menu selections. (This feature is used in the
WordPerfect compatibility macros contained in WP.VDF, to present menu
choices; see DEFAULT FUNCTION KEYS.)
MULTIPLE FILES (AltL,AltB,AltN,AltX,AltQ,AltC,AltP) - VDE allows you to edit
up to 8 files simultaneously, if you have enough free memory. Multiple
Files can be loaded from the command line, or once editing, by using AltL:
at the prompt, just as on the command line, you can enter any number of
filenames, with various options: number to load, string/line/page to find,
file mode, read/only (see SYNTAX). To open an "untitled" work area, press
^[Enter] at the prompt. You can also access the File Browser with
[Enter], wildcards, or a directory name (see FILE BROWSER). (You can't
load a file you're already editing.)
Once multiple files are loaded, they are waiting in line (actually a
circular chain) for your attention; AltB and AltN (Back, Next) can be used
to cycle through them. If you Quit or Exit (^KQ,^KX) from one file,
you're returned to the previous one. It is possible to view two files on
screen at once (see WINDOWS).
For convenience, AltX exits ALL files immediately, saving any changes
made. AltQ quits ALL files immediately, without saving; if any have been
modified, you'll be prompted (just once) to confirm this.
The Cut(Copy) and Paste functions are designed to copy a block of
text between two files; of course they also work within a single file,
although ^KC is generally easier for that. AltC Cuts a marked block of
text, placing it in a buffer for later recovery. [VINST lets you choose
whether or not the cut block is also removed from its original position.]
AltP Pastes in the previously cut text at the cursor position. ^QP can be
used to locate the end of the text just pasted.
PAGINATION (^OP,^PL) - The ^OP command sets the page length: the number of
text lines (not including any header or page numbering, which take 3 extra
lines) per page. Enter a value up to 255 lines, or 0 for no pagination.
(See also VALUE ADJUSTMENT)
This setting determines the page and line count shown in the document
header ("P xx L xx"); when nonzero, all page functions (numbering,
headers, start/stop at page) are enabled in printing. A formfeed will be
sent to eject each full page. [VDE doesn't send a formfeed before
printing; install one in your printer initialization if you want.]
When set to zero, pagination is off. The header will say "NP L
xxxx", showing you the absolute line number in the file (as in a non-
document); when printing, pages break whenever your printer decides
they're full, since a formfeed is sent only at the end of the file. (To
skip even this, use the block print option "B", which allows you to print
several small things on the same sheet or, in conjunction with the "*"
option, multiple copies of index cards, labels, etc. See PRINTING.)
The ^PL command embeds a formfeed (^L) in the text, to begin a new
page; the least confusing place to put it is at the beginning of a line.
PLACE MARKERS (^KM,^KU;^QM) - You can set any number of temporary place
markers in the text with ^KM, when you want to return to a spot later.
Place markers display as a highlighted "!", and can be deleted
individually if no longer needed; they are NOT saved to disk.
^KU can be used to remove all markers from a file at once.
^QM moves the cursor to the next place marker in the file, cycling
back to the top of the file as needed.
PRINT PREVIEW (^OD) - This command shows you a preview of the text as it
would print: all markers and print codes disappear, text between printer
toggles is highlighted to indicate special effects, and page breaks are
shown by a row of dotted lines. This is handy for checking text alignment
and print effects, and helps avoid wasting time and paper on unacceptable
printouts. You can scroll through the file in this mode with [PgUp/Dn] or
^R/^C, or move to the top or bottom, with ^[Home/End]. Press [Esc] to
continue editing.
PRINT STYLES/CODES (^P) - This command prefix is used to enter various
"codes" in the ASCII range 00-1F,7Fh into the text, usually for purposes
of printer control. Most codes are entered in a standard fashion: ^PA
embeds ^A, etc. Those with defined functions in VDE documents display as
highlighted letters, and always insert; the rest, if used, simply enter as
the corresponding graphic from the PC character set.
Several standard ASCII codes are seldom needed: ^P[Esc] will enter
the ESC code (1Bh), but this is most commonly used for printer control,
and VDE offers a much easier way of doing that (see below). ^P[Del]
enters the DEL code (7Fh). ^P^Z enters the code ^Z (1Ah), which normally
should not be used because many programs (including MSDOS utilities) treat
it as an end of file (EOF) mark in a text file.
Several other common control codes will produce special effects:
^P^I - tab - printers respond variously to this
^P^L - formfeed - causes a page break
^P^H - backspace - overstrikes previous character
^P^M - carriage return (without linefeed) causes overstruck line
In place of complex "escape sequences" for print styles (underlining,
etc) in documents, VDE lets you enter a single marker, which will be
translated into the proper codes during printing. VDE supports a set of
13 codes for this purpose: seven toggles, six switches. [See PRINTER
INSTALLATION on how to install the proper driver for your printer.
Otherwise, only ^PS and ^PX will work.] The conventional WordStar
meanings of these codes are:
Toggles: ^P^B boldface Switches: ^P^Q (user def. 1)
^D ("doublestrike") ^W (user 2)
^S underline ^E (user 3)
^Y italic (or color) ^R (user 4)
^T superscript ^A alternate pitch
^V subscript ^N normal pitch
^X strikeout [with "-", "/", etc -- see USER OPTIONS]
But you can use them for anything you like. "Toggles" are good for
features like underlining that are turned on and off; enter them in pairs,
to mark the beginning and end of the desired text. "Switches" are better
for multi-valued parameters like character pitch or print quality.
All 13 codes are available in file modes /D,W,S; only some, in modes
/P,F,M,X,L. (See FILE MODES) They do not function in modes /A,U,N,C.
If toggles aren't properly paired, you'll find print effects
continuing throughout the rest of your document. To save time and effort,
use AltK or ^OD to check for this before printing.
PRINTER DRIVERS (AltV,AltU) - Since many people use more than one kind of
printer, or use it in different ways (for example, to print labels), VDE
accomodates two different printer drivers, a primary and an alternate.
Before printing a file, you can select which one is active using AltV.
[You can install different drivers with VINST.]
AltU gives you access to an unlimited number of further printer
drivers in the form of .VDP disk files [see PRINTER INSTALLATION for
instructions on how to create them]; select "L"oad, then type the file
name. You also can access the File Browser with [Enter], wildcards, or a
directory name (see FILE BROWSER). The chosen driver will replace the
previous primary driver.
PRINTING (^KP) - The ^KP command Prints the current file. For sizable
files, you must wait until printing is finished before you can do anything
else. (The use of a print spooling utility, or a printer with a large
memory buffer, speeds printing considerably.) You can cancel printing at
any time by pressing [Esc], or pause by pressing any other key (press a
key again to resume).
The page format is determined by several factors: the current page
length (^OP) determines the number of lines of text per page. The top and
left margins can be varied with options below. Other options produce
either a centered page number at the bottom of the page, or a header,
consisting of a page number in the corner and/or a string of text; the
positioning of these is controlled by settings in the printer driver.
Various printers handle paper differently, but can typically put at least
60 lines of text on a standard 11-inch page.
You will be prompted for options, at which point you may enter one or
more of the following, in any order:
@nn begins printing AT page nn of the document.
=nn RENUMBERS the printout so first page is numbered nn.
#nn prints only (up to) a TOTAL of nn pages.
O,E prints only Odd or Even pages (print one, then run the paper
back through and print the other, for double-sided printing).
F prints FACING pages (header/number reversed on even pages).
*nn prints the entire job out nn TIMES (nn=1...255).
N NUMBERS pages sequentially, at top right.
C numbers pages at bottom CENTER instead.
"..." uses the quoted string as a HEADER. The string will print at
the top right next to the page number unless it begins with a "<"
character, in which case it prints at the left edge.
Note: you can include the current Filename, Time or Date in the
header simply by entering ^F, ^T, or ^D, respectively. To enter a
quote mark, double it ("").
S SUPPRESSES the header/page number on the first page of output.
Tnn sets a TOP MARGIN skip of nn lines. [The default margins can
Lnn sets a LEFT MARGIN skip of nn columns. be set with VINST.]
B prints only the currently marked BLOCK. Pagination is disabled,
and no final formfeed is sent; you may have to eject the page.
A ADDRESSES an envelope; see ENVELOPES.
P PAUSES for your keystroke before each page prints (sheet feed).
^ FILTERS control codes (like ^X) so they print out as text "^X".
D DOUBLESPACES the printout.
'...' sends an additional string of printer initialization commands
before printing begins.
(FILENAME) redirects printer output to a disk file. All print control
codes will go into the file just as they would have been sent to
your printer, according to your current printer driver. To append
the output to an existing file, use a "+": (+FILENAME).
EXAMPLES: Options: "<STATUS REPORT: ^D" N F
will put a header like "STATUS REPORT: 10/19/90" at the top left of each
page, and the page number at the top right (vice versa on even pages).
Options: L12 #1
will print one page only, with an added left margin of 12. (Printing a
single page is a good check of page layout before going ahead to print a
long file. To continue at page two, use Options: @2.)
Options: BD(+SCRATCH)
will append the print output of a marked block, double spaced, to the disk
file SCRATCH.
PAGINATION: If you have set page length to 0 (^OP0) or select the
'B' option to print only a block, the output will NOT be paginated by VDE
-- that is, data will be sent to the printer in a continuous stream, and
it will break pages whenever it considers them full. [The printer's own
page length can usually be set in your printer initialization.] No
headers, page numbers, or any other options @,=,#,O,E,F,N,C,S,T,P,"..."
which involve page numbering, are allowed with 'B'. If for some reason
you do want paginated printing of a block only, you must cut and paste it
to a new file (see AltC,P), and print it as a separate file.
MARGINS: A left margin that is part of a document's format (via ^OL,
etc) affects the file text but not placement of headers or page numbers.
Left margin settings external to the text ("Lnn", or printer driver
default) shift the entire printout to the right, including headers and
page numbers. Because these settings are also in columns, their physical
width can vary according to the font in use; more consistent results can
be obtained instead from your printer's absolute left margin setting
feature (see PRINTER INSTALLATION).
INITIALIZATION: Codes '...' must be entered as actual characters or
control codes, not digits. If the command is Esc A (1B 41 hex), press
quote, ^P, [Esc], A, quote. To enter a quote mark (27 hex) in a quoted
string, double it (''). (Some control codes, including Esc, must be
entered with the ^P prefix; see PROMPTS. Codes 00-1F are entered as ^A,
^B, etc. You may find an ASCII table helpful; see VINST.REF.) An empty
string ('') can be used to skip the driver's usual initialization, and can
even followed (after a space or other option) by another string '...' to
use instead.
PROPORTIONAL SPACING (^OK) - Normally VDE assumes a fixed pitch font, where
each character is the same width. If you print with such a font (like
Courier or Prestige Elite) your printout will look much like what you saw
onscreen. If you switch your printer to a proportional font (like Times
Roman) and print the same document again, it will look quite different:
the right margin will become very uneven; indents and tabs will shrink,
and may not line up properly from one line to the next; etc. This is
because character widths now vary, and spaces are usually smaller than the
average width. Full-fledged word processors devote an enormous amount of
code and data, which VDE has no room for, to coping with the challenges of
proportional printing, and the different fonts you might use. But if your
printer has a proportional font that you like, you can still get VDE to
use it, and to format text so that at least it will once again print with
a more consistent right margin.
Use ^OK to toggle proportional mode on and off. When on, all
wordwrap and reformatting (^B,^OC,^OF) will take advantage of a table of
varying character widths, for a better aligned printout, though line
lengths may look uneven on screen; and when you print, a proportional font
will be selected. In proportional mode, the right margin is interpreted
in inches rather than characters, based on a conversion of 10 cpi, so that
a right margin (^OR) setting of 70 means 7.0", rather than 70 characters.
Mixing proportional and fixed print in the same document is a little
tricky. You will need to install a print (^P) toggle or switch to
alternate between the two fonts. You must type or format the fixed pitch
parts with ^OK off, and the proportional parts with ^OK on (and
appropriately altered margins). The ^OK status when you print determines
which font VDE starts out with.
Note the following limitations in VDE's admittedly crude implemen-
tation of this feature:
You may need to install codes to enable proportional mode in your
printer driver [see PRINTER INSTALLATION].
Proportional printing should work fairly well with VDE's default
width table, but for best results, you should fine-tune this table to
match the actual character widths of your own preferred font [see
CHARACTER WIDTHS].
Only the right margin setting (^OR) is affected by proportional mode;
the left margin and tabs continue to work based on character columns. You
may find that you need larger left margin and tab settings in proportional
mode, and the ruler line is much less useful.
Right justification (^OJ) is not available in proportional mode.
PROTECTED MODE (^KO,/R) - When you want to view a file without accidentally
modifying it, VDE offers two levels of protection. First, you can
temporarily toggle protected mode on and off with ^KO; when on, any
command that would modify the file is rejected as an "Invalid Key".
If you load a file with the DOS R/O attribute, protected mode will
engage automatically; you can also specify the option /R after a filename
to load it Read/Only. In these situations, protected mode cannot be
cancelled by ^KO; the text cannot be modified at all unless you first
rename it (^KE) to a new filename.
REFORMAT ([Enter],^B;Esc*S;^OY;^OB) - In documents, pressing [Enter] creates
a permanent or "hard" Carriage Return marking the end of a paragraph.
(This is a CR without a preceding space; wordwrap creates a removable
"soft CR", preceded by a space. See TEXT FORMATTING.)
^B reformats a paragraph according to the current margin settings and
line spacing. It can either reshape a paragraph after editing (if AUTO
FORMAT isn't in use) or change its format in various ways (see MARGINS,
JUSTIFICATION, LINE SPACING). VDE preserves any existing indentation of
the top line relative to the next one, unless a paragraph indent has been
set with ^OO (see INDENTING). To reformat an entire file use the MACRO
command to repeat ^B, for example: ^M ^B ^[Enter].
Normally, ^B leaves single lines ending in a hard CR alone, to avoid
disturbing things like a centered title; use Esc*S if you want ^B to
adjust such lines to the left margin instead. (On Esc*, see TOGGLE
CONTROL)
^OY toggles hard reform mode, which allows reformatting of text full
of hard CRs (such as ASCII text from other sources). Autoformat is turned
off; reform (^B) will convert a group of text lines with hard CRs into a
formatted paragraph with soft CRs. A blank line or change of indentation
is recognized as starting a new paragraph. There are also various ways to
convert "soft" paragraphs back into hard text, from repeated use of
[Enter] to saving a file in /N mode.
^OB toggles hard CR/TAB display. In document modes, these are
normally marked by left-arrow or double-arrow characters, to distinguish
them from soft CRs and spaces; but if you find this distracting, you can
turn them off.
RULER LINE (^OT) - To help you align text properly, ^OT displays a "ruler
line" above the text; use ^OT again to remove it. Examples:
(/D mode) L-----!---!----------v--!--------------R........
(/N mode) :.......:.......:....v..:.......:.......:.......
A moving pointer "v" indicates the current column. "L,R" designate
the current margins; "---" shows the area within them, "..." areas outside
them. Tab stops are marked by either "!" (Variable) or ":" (Hard).
RUN DOS COMMAND/SHELL (AltR) - AltR lets you run DOS commands without
leaving VDE. An imitation DOS prompt is produced (e.g., "C:\WORK>"); you
can copy or rename files, or run any other program you like, and
afterwards VDE will prompt you to "Press [Esc]", which returns you to your
undisturbed VDE editing session.
In addition, you may simply press [Enter] at the prompt, which lets
you out into a "Command Shell", essentially a new copy of DOS where you
can execute any number of commands as you like; when finished, you must
type the DOS command EXIT to return to VDE.
CAUTION: never load new memory-resident utilities (TSRs) from within
a shell like the AltR command; this fouls up the DOS memory allocation.
NOTES: To use AltR, you must have enough free memory to load and run
the chosen program; and VDE must be able to find COMMAND.COM in order to
execute it, via the COMSPEC environment variable. Be sure either that
your AUTOEXEC.BAT file includes a line like
SET COMSPEC=C:\COMMAND.COM
or that your CONFIG.SYS file includes a line like
SHELL=C:\COMMAND.COM C:\ /P
(In either case replace "C:\" with the appropriate directory.)
The ^[Break] key will not abort programs being run from VDE via AltR,
but ^C may work.
SAVE/EXIT (^KE,^KS,^KX,^KD,^KQ; Esc*t) - ^KE renames your current work,
allowing you to change the name to which it will be saved, and/or the file
mode governing its format. At the prompt you can enter a new filename,
directory, mode, or any combination of these. You can also make your work
"untitled" by pressing ^[Enter] at the prompt (see PROMPTS). (^KE doesn't
rename or delete any previously existing file on disk.)
^KS Saves your work to disk, writing it to the file named in the
header. (If it's "untitled", a new name will be requested.) If the text
hasn't been modified, you'll be prompted to confirm that you meant to save
it anyway. For safety, when you save changes to an existing file, a copy
of the previous version is normally preserved as a BACKUP FILE (with the
same name, but extension ".BAK"). If you decide to abandon your latest
changes, you can recover the old version from the BAK file. [You can
choose not to maintain BAK files, if you prefer; see VINST.REF: OPTIONS.]
There are several different commands for finishing up:
^KX eXits, saving your work (if modified).
^KD (Done) saves your work, then prompts you for a new file to edit.
^KQ just Quits, without saving to disk. If the file has been modified,
you'll be prompted to confirm that you mean to abandon those changes.
NOTE: any spaces are normally trimmed from the ends of lines in non-
document modes when saving a file to disk; you can use Esc*t to change
this behavior. (On Esc*, see TOGGLE CONTROL)
SCREEN CONTROLS (^W,^Z; Alt-arrows; ^OE,^OZ) - VDE provides a number of
commands to control the display screen:
^W and ^Z shift the screen frame up and down a line at a time,
without moving the cursor in the text (unless necessary).
Used with [Alt], any arrow key also causes the frame to shift:
up/down by 1/3 screen, or right/left by 32 columns. Again, the cursor is
not moved unless necessary.
^OE makes the current line the top of the screen.
^OZ temporarily blanks the entire screen, to avoiding CRT burn-in, or
just protect work from prying eyes or fingers. Restore the screen by
pressing [Esc]. This is also useful if some other software (like a
memory-resident utility) has messed up the screen: type ^OZ,Esc and VDE
will completely restore it.
SCREEN SIZE (AltA,AltE) - The standard PC text screen is 25 lines of 80
characters, but VDE automatically adapts to whatever size is currently in
use (minimum: 8 lines, 40 columns). For example, VDE supports extended
screen modes (like 50 or 60 lines, or 96 or 132 columns) offered by some
PC hardware and software; it works on portable computers with smaller
displays (like the 16x40 or 18x64 of the HP 95/100/200LX palmtops); and
visually impaired users can use the DOS command "MODE 40" to edit with a
40 column large-type screen (see further notes on narrow screens below).
You can use third-party software (like UltraVision from Personics) or
whatever utilities came with your video adapter card to set any desired
screen size before running VDE, or even to change sizes while editing (via
the AltR command). VDE also offers two commands of its own to change the
screen size on the fly:
AltA changes the number of columns displayed, toggling between normal
(80) mode and wide (132) mode. It can be used alone, or in combination
with AltE. This command works ONLY with certain brands of video cards
which offer 132-column displays [see INSTALLATION to specify yours], or if
you're running UltraVision with a card that supports its 132-column mode.
AltE changes the number of text lines displayed. In EGA/VGA 132-
column modes it simply toggles between 25-line and 43/50-line text. In
standard text modes (and even in 132 columns, under UltraVision) it
displays a prompt offering a wider range of sizes:
Standard VGA - 20,25,33,50,57 lines
EGA - 19,25,31,43,50
with UltraVision - 25, 34/36, 43/50/53, 60/63 (varies)
These are selected with a letter from "A"-"E". [If you want a default
different from your DOS text screen, you can set it with VINST.] Larger
characters are easy on the eyes; smaller ones pack more into each screen;
the 33-line setting is a nice compromise.
NOTES: The original screen size is restored upon exit from VDE.
Under DESQview, you must use its "Rearrange:Video" menu selection to
change character sizes; the AltA,E commands will not work.
Narrow screens: AltE still works in 40-column mode, and AltA should
switch into 80 columns (though it can't return to 40). When running with
fewer than 80 columns, VDE omits many toggle indicators from the header,
and truncates the function key labels; a few displays, like the File
Browser, adjust to the screen width; most menus (including ^J,^KP,
AltG,H,I,J,K) remain in 80 column format but can be viewed by scrolling
horizontally with the [<],[>] arrow keys.
SORTING - This is accomplished with a macro; see VMACRO.REF.
SPELLING CHECK (AltH,AltJ,Esc*U) - For registered users who have the spelling
checker, AltH will check spelling of the word at the cursor, and AltJ will
go through the document beginning at the word after the cursor. Esc*U
unloads the speller, freeing its memory for other use. See the
VDESPELL.DOC file that comes with the speller for complete instructions.
SPLITTING FILES (AltS) - If you encounter a text file that is too large for
VDE to load and edit, you can divide it into manageable chunks with the
Split command. You will be prompted for the name of the file to split;
VDE will divide it in pieces whose names have a number added at the end of
the file name. Example: BIG.DOC will split into BIG1.DOC, BIG2.DOC, etc,
each of which you can edit separately. After 9, the numbers continue with
letters A..Z. (The original file also remains on disk.)
If necessary, the files can later be reassembled into one with the
DOS COPY command, for example: COPY BIG1.DOC+BIG2.DOC BIG.DOC.
TABS ([Tab],Shft[Tab],^[Tab]; ^OV,^OI,^ON; ^PI,Alt[Tab]) - VDE has two tab
modes, Variable and Hard; ^OV toggles between them. (See also INDENTING)
In Hard Tab mode (the default for nondocuments), the [Tab] key enters
an actual TAB (ASCII 09) character, which will overwrite the character at
the cursor or, if Insert is on, insert before it. Hard tabs display at
fixed intervals [normally 8 columns; optionally 4 or 16], and also appear
as a bidirectional arrow in document modes. How (or whether) they print
depends upon your printer's handling of code 09h.
In Variable Tab mode (the default for documents), the [Tab] key just
moves the cursor to the next tab stop set. In Overwrite mode, the cursor
moves over any existing text; in Insert mode, spaces are inserted into the
text. In either case, spaces are added at the end of a line as needed.
Up to sixteen tab stops may be set with ^OI, or cleared with ^ON; the
defaults are in columns 6, 15, 35, and 55. [These can be changed.] Both
commands prompt for a list of column numbers, or you can press [Enter] for
the cursor column. The Set command ^OI also accepts two options, both of
which replace all previous tab settings:
@nn Set tabs every "nn" columns
#n1,n2,... Set tabs to columns "n1,n2,..." ONLY
You can simply clear all variable tabs by typing ^ON followed by "*".
Shft[Tab] tabs backwards (left to the previous tab position), useful
for moving around in tables, etc.
^[Tab] tabs to the column of the next nonblank in the previous line,
for automatic alignment with existing columns.
Alt[Tab] offers a shortcut to get a hard tab in variable tab mode, or
variable tab in hard tab mode. And ^PI can always be used to insert a
hard tab.
TIME/DATE (AltT,AltD) - VDE can read the DOS system clock and insert the
current time and date in your file automatically. Just press AltT for the
Time, or AltD for the Date. The string will appear at the current cursor
location, as though you had typed it in yourself: for example,
1:21 PM [or 13:21 -- VINST selects the format]
January 15, 1988 [or 1/15/88, 15 January 1988, 15.1.88]
UNDELETING (^U) - The undelete function can be used to recover accidentally
deleted text or overstruck characters. The lost text will be replaced at
the current cursor location. ^U may be used repeatedly to undo a sequence
of deletions, recovering each character, word, or line in order. (Once
all deleted text is restored, ^U does nothing further.)
Exception: block deletions cannot be recovered sequentially; they
must be undeleted immediately (before any other deletion occurs). An
undeleted block is no longer marked, but since ^QP will find the end of it
(just as for a block read, ^KR) it can be re-marked with ^KB^QP^KK.
Undeletion can also be used as a sort of quick-and-dirty block move.
For example, if the cursor is at the start of a word, the commands ^T^F^U
(which of course can be assigned to a function key) will swap that word
with the one following it. Similarly, ^Y^X^U will swap two lines.
UPPER/LOWER CASE (^^; ^K",^K',^K^) - ^^ (Ctrl-caret or 6) reverses the case
of the character at the cursor, if it was a letter, and moves to the next.
^K^ (^K-caret) reverses the case of all text in a marked block (see
BLOCK COMMANDS); ^K" makes the block text all uppercase, ^K' lowercase.
WINDOWS (^OW; AltW,AltF; ^[PgUp,PgDn]) - VDE can split the screen into two
windows, showing either two parts of the same file or two different files.
In either case, AltF moves the cursor back and forth between the two
windows. ^[PgUp] and ^[PgDn] scroll BOTH windows in synchronization.
^OW is used within a SINGLE file; it creates a second window
(originally a duplicate of the first, of course) in which you can move to
and view or edit another location in the file at the same time. (Note:
modifications made to the same area of the file will be reflected in the
inactive window after an interval of keyboard inactivity.) Type ^OW again
to undo windowing.
AltW splits the screen Window between two DIFFERENT files being
edited, showing you both at once (note the different filename in the
second window). Type AltW again to undo.
===============================[end VDE.REF]=================================